Urban Design is multi disciplinary activity and its goal is creation and revival of urban environment quality. Its activity range is not limited to daytimes, and it includes nighttimes. Contemporary cities have been turned to 24 hours places, accordingly, it is obvious that urban designer must engage to night environment quality.Night time, various LIGHTINGs that light urban element makes various qualitative affects in spaces, according to its color, direction and its illuminant.So, nightscape must be designed simultaneously with other parts by urban designers as an inseparable part in urban spaces design. Otherwise, only illumination engineering interference may threaten character of space.Urban designers as environment quality responsible, certainly, must get some knowledge about LIGHTING. First step of urban designer's interference in urban LIGHTING is awareness of LIGHTING techniques and its tools.In order to awareness of LIGHTING techniques kinds, the researchers of this article attempt to accumulate various references of knowledge about LIGHTING techniques and methods.This findings show that all kinds of LIGHTING styles are due to three component of LIGHTING change: LIGHTING object, light source characteristics and its position. In every urban LIGHTING plan, quality and style of LIGHTING depend on element, light, angle and direction has been lighted. It is essential for urban designers accustom about this.This article study urban LIGHTING styles and their usage cases, and introduce best method of LIGHTING with present successful case of urban LIGHTING.

LIGHTING design encompasses all forms of light within La space. The object of LIGHTING design is to consider how light reveals the form and color of the elements of a project, how the users visually interact with it and how best to provide the functional LIGHTING levels that are required.Site LIGHTING is a practical consideration as well as a design consideration in any new project. Good LIGHTING can extend the use of outdoor environments, contribute to the safety of many areas and add charm and drama to the nighttime landscape. The field of LIGHTING designs is a developed and specialized technology that is constantly changing with new discoveries in optics, light source and the understanding of light energy.The need for LIGHTING must be established before it is designed or engineered.LIGHTING can be an inherent sharper of urban form.Handsome LIGHTING in an area attracts large numbers of people to it for work or play. Amusement parks agencies demonstrated the emotional magic and attraction of artificial light long ago. Discussions in outdoor LIGHTING tasks have not been defined. Indeed, a survey of the literature indicates little consensus on the importance of the various factors, involved in satisfying visibility requirements. It is not always known precisely how much illumination is required for each different mission. Selection of LIGHTING levels is arbitrary and artificial light minimums have been rising as rapidly the national gross product. There is so much emphasis on the quantity of light that it needs remembering that usually people don't see illumination at ail_only brightness. Unless the observer is looking directly at the light source, he sees only the light retransmitted or reflected, by surface around him. This light is brightness not illumination. Imaginative and expansive LIGHTING effects can do more than light the way for the observer. The influence of light on the culture and psychology of man is too great for it to be treated mechanically.The purposes of outdoor LIGHTING indude:1) Improving the legibility of critical nodes, landmarks, and circulation and activity zones in the landscape.2) Facilitating the safe movement of pedestrians and vehicles, prompting a more secure environment and minimizing the potential for personal harm and damage to property.3) Helping to reveal the salient feature of a site at a desired intensity of light in order to encourage nighttime use of a particular environment.Intersections, decision points, crossings, steps, arrival points, etc. should be articulated in a manner that signals their presence, shape and nature. The illumination pattern should serve as a visual cue to what conditions may lay ahead. This section induces information useful for solving site problems. Included are definitions of term associated with LIGHTING, LIGHTING effect, characteristics of light and recommended levels of illumination for various landscape uses. The information induced here will help the designer focus on specific ideas about LIGHTING and aid in the process of specifying fixtures for particular LIGHTING projects.

Background and Aims: Overlapping of the proximal surfaces of posterior teeth in the panoramic radiography is a major concern. Therefore, an option has been developed in the panoramic unit of Planmeca Promax, namely improved interproximal mode. This mode causes lower horizental angle with the teeth contact region during the unit rotation decreasing overlapping of the panoramic images of the posterior teeth especially premolar teeth. The present study was done to compare the overlapping of posterior teeth using two techniques of improved interproximal panoramic PROGRAM and standard panoramic.Materials and Methods: In this diagnostic study, 32 patients requiring panoramic radiographies at their posterior teeth during their routine diagnosis and treatment process with the mean age of 27.3 years were participated. No patients showed crowding of posterior teeth or missed and restored posterior teeth. The participants' panoramic radiographies were randomly taken by two techniques of improved interproximal panoramic and standard panoramic using Planmeca Promax device. The overlapping of the panoramic images was blindly assessed by an oral radiologist. The overlapping in both techniques was reported by frequency and percentage. The comparisons were done by Chi-square test between two techniques and the odds ratio of overlapping was estimated using regression analysis.Results: In standard panoramic techniques, 38.5% (148 contacts of 384 contacts) of the proximal surfaces overlapped while the overlapping of the proximal surfaces was observed in 18.8% (72 contacts of 384 overall contacts) in improved interproximal technique. Significant differences were noted between two techniques regarding overlapping (P<0.001). Also 66.4% and 39.1% of 4-5 teeth contacts overlapped in standard and improved techniques. The values were reported to be 39.1% and 12.5% in contacts of 5-6 teeth and 10.2% and 4.7% in the contacts of 6-7 teeth in both techniques, respectively. The overlapping odds ratio in improved technique as compared to standard techniques was 2.72 more. While the odds ratio of overlapping in the contact regions of 4-5 and 5-6 teeth was 16.4 and 4.61 as compared to the contact region of 6-7 teeth (all: P<0.001). The lower or upper jaw with the patients' mouth side did not significantly influence the overlapping of the proximal surfaces in both panoramic techniques.Conclusion: Under the limitations of this study, improved interproximal panoramic significantly reduced the overlapping of proximal surfaces in the panoramic radiographies of posterior teeth as compared to the standard panoramic technique. Therefore, it can be used to detect proximal caries in the posterior teeth as a diagnostic tool. Using this option may affect other part of panoramic image which should be investigated in other research.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the practical applications of alternative LIGHTING PROGRAMs as intermittent LIGHTING at high or low intensities on the incidence of leg disorders and performance of broiler chickens. Eight hundred and sixty four day-old male and female broiler chicks (Ross breed) were randomly placed in 24 floor pens, sex separately (12 pens per sex, 36 chicks per pen). In the first 2 days of the trail, all chicks were subjected to continuous LIGHTING [23h light (L):1h dark (D), CL] at a light intensity of 20 lux at bird height. After 2 days, chickens were subjected to an intermittent [1h light (L):3h dark (D), IL] or continuous [23h light (L):1h dark (D), CL] LIGHTING PROGRAMs combined with two different light intensities (high or 30 lux versus low or 8 lux). According to the obtained results, birds reared at IL showed significantly higher final body weight than their CL counterparts (P<0.05). Sex differences in final body weight were observed so that males were heavier than females (P<0.05). LIGHTING PROGRAMs or light intensities did not significantly affect cumulative feed intake whereas they had significant impact on FCR. The results showed a significant reduction in FCR for broiler reared under IL and low light intensity (P<0.05). The intermittent LIGHTING schedule significantly (P<0.05) reduced abdominal fat deposition of both male and female broilers but light intensity PROGRAMs did not significantly affect abdominal fat pad content. Effects of LIGHTING PROGRAMs or light intensity schedules on mortality and bone ash percentage were not statistically significant. Intermittent LIGHTING combined with low light intensity PROGRAM, in addition of enhanced production efficiency and lowering the cost of electricity, resulted in lower room temperature. From the practical point of view, this may be used as an efficient management technique for raising broiler during hot season in tropical and subtropical regions.

This study evaluated the effect of the intermittent light PROGRAM on serum and brain melatonin concentrations, antioxidant enzyme activities, and homocysteine concentration in broiler chickens. A total of 60 one-day-old broiler chickens (Cobb 500) were distributed in three light-proof controlled rooms (20 chicks per room). All birds were reared in continuous light until 3 days of age. Then, chicks were treated as follows: 1) intermittent LIGHTING PROGRAM (1L: 3D cycles), 2) continuous LIGHTING PROGRAM (24L), and 3) nonintermittent restricted LIGHTING PROGRAM (8L: 16D). At day 42 of age, sera and brains were collected from all chicks of each group (at the end of the dark phase for groups 1 and 3). Serum and brain melatonin concentrations were not affected by the different photoperiod schedules. Serum glutathione reductase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activity as well as homocysteine concentration were also similar between different treatment groups. In conclusion, intermittent LIGHTING PROGRAM during the rearing period does not affect serum and brain melatonin levels as well as antioxidant status at the end of the dark phase in broilers.

Desirable LIGHTING is one of the most important factors for optimization of the educational environments. The goal of this paper is to evaluate the LIGHTING of educational environments according to the world standards and make smart LIGHTING for classrooms. For this purpose, classrooms of building A at the Quchan University of Technology is simulated by DIALux software and they examined for glare, energy consumption and uniformity of light on the students workplace. The simulation results and practical measurements show that the glare, uniformity and energy consumption of these classes are not good. To address these problems, an innovative approach is presented for LIGHTING the classrooms by considering the proper LIGHTING on the student’ s workplace and whiteboard, glare and LIGHTING uniformity. In addition, an intelligent LIGHTING system is designed for classrooms using motion sensors. This system turn the lamps off and save energy if students are not present in the classroom. Simulation results and practical implementation confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Light is an environmental factor, which has profound influences on broilers performance and frequently overlooked management practices. This study was conducted to compare the effects of different LIGHTING PROGRAMs on growth, carcass parts and economical performance using 320 one day–old broilers (Arian 386) in completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 8 replicates per each treatments (10 birds for each replicate). The four LIGHTING schedules under study were: 1- continuous LIGHTING (control), 2- decreasing-sudden increasing LIGHTING, 3- decreasing-gradual increasing LIGHTING and 4- intermittent LIGHTING (1 light: 3 dark). Feed intake, body weight, feed conversion ratio, mortality and production index of birds raising under different LIGHTING schedules were compared during six weeks of experimental carrier. Final body weight and total feed consumption were the same for all birds regardless of LIGHTING schedules applied (P>0.05). Intermittent LIGHTING significantly improved feed conversion ratio and decreased mortality rate compared to other LIGHTING schedules (P<0.05). The mortality rate was significantly reduced in gradual increasing group (P<0.05). Carcass parts had not influenced by LIGHTING schedule (P>0.05).The highest economic profit was related to intermittent LIGHTING schedule group (P<0.05). In conclusion, it seems that implication of some limitation in LIGHTING hours is a practical tool for promotion of broilers performance and furthermore would reduced production costs and will promote economic profits. The results of this experiment emphasized the application of intermittent LIGHTING schedule for Arian broilers.